1224 英语中有3类介词：
1．简单介词（约有70个）：in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across，into，toward
2．分词介词（约15个）：during，pending，following，bar-ring，considering，concerning，regarding，touching，speaking，judging，talking，excepting（参阅1097f）
3．成语介词（约有500个）：out of，apart from，because of，by means of，with reference to，with a view to，on the verge of
Ⅰ．简单介词
A．介词的宾语
1225 介词后面一般紧跟宾语。这种定语是名词或相当于名词的东西。一共有11种关型。
1226 1．名词：
I live in a small house．
We are walking along the street．
I will answer you concerning your request．
1227 2．代词：
I spoke to them．
He is interested in it．
He wrote to me concerning himself．
1228 3．动名词：
He spent the afternoon in swimming．
He learns English by reading English papers．
He insisted on going back to the hotel．
1229 4．不定式：
He did nothing but（or except）（to）sleep．
Everything is allowed except to disturb others．
What does he do save（to）talk nonsense？
I would sooner die than（to）yield．
I know better than to argue with such a rascal．（I will not argue．）
I could do no otherwise than（to）laugh．（I could not but laush．）
（不定式一般不能用作介词的宾语，只有在save，but，ex- cept和than后可以。在这样用时to常常省略。）
1230 5．疑问词+不定式：
The problem of what to do is difficult to settle．
That depends on which method to use．
We have informed him of when to send the merchandise．
Have you received my letter regarding how to send the money？
（在任何适当介词后这种结构都可使用）
1231 6．表示时间或地点的副词：
We all have trusted him till now（or till recently）．
He has been ill since then．
He has never seen anyone since three years ago．
I‘ll love you for ever．
I shall have finished it by tomorrow．
We shall meet again before long．
He came from afar．
He has just returned from abroad．
New troubles arose from within（or from here，from all around，from hard by，from below，from else- where）．
比较：He stood in here（or out there）．（这里in和out是副词，不是介词。）
（能以副词作宾语的介词为数不多）
1232 7．形容词：
In short，I have explained everything．
At first，he failed；but at last，he succeeded．
He has at least a thousand friends．
I have advised him in public and in private． He was ill of late．
（只在少数成语中可在介词后用形容词）
1233 8．介词短语：
He came from across the river．（across=a place across）
He returned from beyond the sea．（beyond=a place beyond）
He was shot from behind the hedge．
He stole to behind the enemy．
The enemy suddenly appeared from just below our feet．
（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）
He has been ill since before the war．（before=a time be- fore）
I write up to about midnight．（about=a time about）
He read till into the night．
He did not see her till about last Sunday．
I worked till after four．
They have stayed for above ten days．
The storm continued from before sunrise till after mid- night．
He had arrived by soon after ten（两个介词之间夹入一 个副词）
I bought it at over ten dollars．（over=a price over）
I can sell it for under your price．
I drove at from 30 to 40 miles an hour．（from…to=a distance from…to）
I drove at between 30 and 40 miles an hour．（between …and=a distance between…and）
This job is done by from 40 to 50 men．
1234 9．That引起的从句：
I know nothing except that（or save that）he stood at the spot where the murder was committed．
Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak．
He is not content notwithstanding that（=although）he is rich．
I would study abroad but that I am poor．
I would have been a politician but that my father forbade me to．
（除了在except，in，save，but，notwithstanding之后，介词后一概不能用that引起的从句作宾语。）
1235 10．疑问词引起的从句：
They were disputing about where they should go．
He does not care about who will be the president．
He wants to be informed of which college is the best for him．
His success depends on whether he will work hard．
Have you any idea as to when the war will end？
（疑问词前的介词有时可以省略）
1236 11．名词（代词）+形容词（或相当于形容词的东西）：
这种宾语通常跟在介词with后，表示伴随的情况：
He lay on the floor with his feet ice-cold（形容词）（with his feet ice-cold=his feet being ice-cold）
He is away from home with her alone（=she being alone）．
With the sun up（地点副词），the birds twittered noisily．
She went to the market with her child behind．
He wandered about without a cent in his pocket（介词短语）．
With his wife out of temper，he can’t stay at home．
He went to the party with his shoes shining and creaking （现在分词）．
The revolution broke out with millions of people screaming and shouting．
He came with a gift（which was）beautifully packed（过去分词）．
The police returned with a thief bound up in rope．
They sat face to face without a word said．
He returned home with a lot of problems to settle（不定式）．
He wandered over the village with a dog（which was） the size（=of the size）of a calf．
He studies Malay with Mary his only classmate（同位语）．
这种宾语间或可用在其他介词后面：
“After”all said and done（过去分词），this seems the best one．
Have you ever heard“of”an upright man abandoned by his friend？
They celebrated that day“for”the freedom regained．
“In spite of”so much time and money spent，he re- mains a bachelor．
His success depends“on”him（or his）working（现在分词）hard．
The fact“of”John（or John‘s）marrying a woman of pleasure shocked his family．
His success depends“upon”the method to use（=which he will use）（不定式）．
A．介词的宾语
1225 介词后面一般紧跟宾语。这种定语是名词或相当于名词的东西。一共有11种关型。
1226 1．名词：
I live in a small house．
We are walking along the street．
I will answer you concerning your request．
1227 2．代词：
I spoke to them．
He is interested in it．
He wrote to me concerning himself．
1228 3．动名词：
He spent the afternoon in swimming．
He learns English by reading English papers．
He insisted on going back to the hotel．
1229 4．不定式：
He did nothing but（or except）（to）sleep．
Everything is allowed except to disturb others．
What does he do save（to）talk nonsense？
I would sooner die than（to）yield．
I know better than to argue with such a rascal．（I will not argue．）
I could do no otherwise than（to）laugh．（I could not but laush．）
（不定式一般不能用作介词的宾语，只有在save，but，ex- cept和than后可以。在这样用时to常常省略。）
1230 5．疑问词+不定式：
The problem of what to do is difficult to settle．
That depends on which method to use．
We have informed him of when to send the merchandise．
Have you received my letter regarding how to send the money？
（在任何适当介词后这种结构都可使用）
1231 6．表示时间或地点的副词：
We all have trusted him till now（or till recently）．
He has been ill since then．
He has never seen anyone since three years ago．
I’ll love you for ever．
I shall have finished it by tomorrow．
We shall meet again before long．
He came from afar．
He has just returned from abroad．
New troubles arose from within（or from here，from all around，from hard by，from below，from else- where）．
比较：He stood in here（or out there）．（这里in和out是副词，不是介词。）
（能以副词作宾语的介词为数不多）
1232 7．形容词：
In short，I have explained everything．
At first，he failed；but at last，he succeeded．
He has at least a thousand friends．
I have advised him in public and in private． He was ill of late．
（只在少数成语中可在介词后用形容词）
1233 8．介词短语：
He came from across the river．（across=a place across）
He returned from beyond the sea．（beyond=a place beyond）
He was shot from behind the hedge．
He stole to behind the enemy．
The enemy suddenly appeared from just below our feet．
（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）
He has been ill since before the war．（before=a time be- fore）
I write up to about midnight．（about=a time about）
He read till into the night．
He did not see her till about last Sunday．
I worked till after four．
They have stayed for above ten days．
The storm continued from before sunrise till after mid- night．
He had arrived by soon after ten（两个介词之间夹入一 个副词）
I bought it at over ten dollars．（over=a price over）
I can sell it for under your price．
I drove at from 30 to 40 miles an hour．（from…to=a distance from…to）
I drove at between 30 and 40 miles an hour．（between …and=a distance between…and）
This job is done by from 40 to 50 men．
1234 9．That引起的从句：
I know nothing except that（or save that）he stood at the spot where the murder was committed．
Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak．
He is not content notwithstanding that（=although）he is rich．
I would study abroad but that I am poor．
I would have been a politician but that my father forbade me to．
（除了在except，in，save，but，notwithstanding之后，介词后一概不能用that引起的从句作宾语。）
1235 10．疑问词引起的从句：
They were disputing about where they should go．
He does not care about who will be the president．
He wants to be informed of which college is the best for him．
His success depends on whether he will work hard．
Have you any idea as to when the war will end？
（疑问词前的介词有时可以省略）
1236 11．名词（代词）+形容词（或相当于形容词的东西）：
这种宾语通常跟在介词with后，表示伴随的情况：
He lay on the floor with his feet ice-cold（形容词）（with his feet ice-cold=his feet being ice-cold）
He is away from home with her alone（=she being alone）．
With the sun up（地点副词），the birds twittered noisily．
She went to the market with her child behind．
He wandered about without a cent in his pocket（介词短语）．
With his wife out of temper，he can‘t stay at home．
He went to the party with his shoes shining and creaking （现在分词）．
The revolution broke out with millions of people screaming and shouting．
He came with a gift（which was）beautifully packed（过去分词）．
The police returned with a thief bound up in rope．
They sat face to face without a word said．
He returned home with a lot of problems to settle（不定式）．
He wandered over the village with a dog（which was） the size（=of the size）of a calf．
He studies Malay with Mary his only classmate（同位语）．
这种宾语间或可用在其他介词后面：
“After”all said and done（过去分词），this seems the best one．
Have you ever heard“of”an upright man abandoned by his friend？
They celebrated that day“for”the freedom regained．
“In spite of”so much time and money spent，he re- mains a bachelor．
His success depends“on”him（or his）working（现在分词）hard．
The fact“of”John（or John’s）marrying a woman of pleasure shocked his family．
His success depends“upon”the method to use（=which he will use）（不定式）
B．副词与介词的差别
1237 许多介词可以用作地点副词，不过有时不易看出它们是否用作副词。根本差别是，介词总跟有宾语，而副词后从不跟有宾语。不过，必须指出，如此副词，往往就是省略了宾语的介词。（省略是因为从上下文可猜出宾语是什么）：
带介词的句子 带副词的句子
Children must keep（不及物动词）off this dangerous place． Children must keep off．（在读者或听话人可以清楚离开什么地方时才这样说）
I went before them． I went before．
He stood between us． He stood between．
John wandered about the streets． John wandered about．
The animals live inside the cave． The animals live inside．
He went up the mountain． He went up．
He dashed into the house． He dashed in（不是into）．
We were left behind the I took（及物动词）the luggage into the house． We were left behind．rest．I took the luggage in（不是into）．
He sailed his boat across the river． He sailed his boatacross．
Throw it outside the house． Throw it outside．
Don‘t drag the cat up the staircase． Don’t drag the cat up．
The old man（名词）across the street is my uncle． The old man across is my uncle．
Some people behind the scene support him． Some people behind support him．
The beautiful prospect before us is encouraging． The beautiful prospect before is encouraging．
但地点副词除了表示地点，还可表示其他东西，这时就不能认为是把介词宾语省略：
How did it come about（=happen）？
The plan fell through（=failed）．
The machine broke down．
How are you getting along？
We have given up．
He has grown up．
Hold on！
1238 此外我们还应把“及物动词+地点副词”这种动词短语（如：He kept down his temper．和He left behind his clothes and hat．中的斜体词）和“不及物动词+介词”这种动词短语（如：He walked down the mountain．和He waited be- hind other passengers．中的斜体词）加以区别。这种短语是较难区别的，因为它们都跟有宾语。
一般说来，如果这样的动词短语包含1）一个通常用作及物动词的动词，或是2）一个通常用作副词的词，或3）有一个紧跟在动词后的名词或代词，这个短语就是“及物动词+副词”型的动词短语：
及物动词+地点副词
1）He cast down the wedding ring．（cast通常用作及物动词）
He carried on the business．
We cut off their retreat．
I put on my blue shirt．
Don‘t give up your plan．
We hand over the thief to the police．
I can lay down my burden now．
He made（or delivered）over his property to his son．
I will take（or set，put）down what you say．
He filled up a form．
He locked in his naughty children．
He drew up his will．
He rubbed in some oil．
He bound（or stored，tore）up the document．
The revolution brought about a great change．
有些不及物动词间或可用作及物动词：
They hissed down the speaker．
They shouted down the performer
We must think over this matter．
We haved talked over this problem．
I walked off my headache．
He blew off the candle．
We laughed down those who opposed us．
2）He bore away the palm．（away通常用作副词）
He beat back his enemy．
He brought forward his proposal．
He cast out the uninvited guest．
He drew aside John and Mary．
He collected together all he needed．
3）I will see John off．（名词John紧跟在动词后面）
He called his secretary in．
He helped her up．
Our forefathers handed the traditions down to us．
Point the verb out．
Put your shoes off before entering the temple．
I put my glasses on．
I will send the goods off tomorrow．
I shall take the property over．
Take your hat off．
Let’s talk the plan over．
I can‘t put a word in．
1239 如果一个动词短语包含4）一个通常用作不及物动词的动词或5）一个通常用作介词的词，这种短语就是“不及物动词+介词”型的动词短语：
不及物动词+介词
4）He came across a valuable curio．（came通常用作不及物动词）
They cling to their leader．
I conversed with some friends．
He crowed over John．
He cried for coffee．
They differ in opinion．
He has run into trouble in his job．
He went about the city．
The accident happened to John．
I hope for peace．
5）Look at the thing you did．（at通常用作介词）
I listened to him．
He kept from gambling．
I cannot judge of him．
I talked with John．
We strove for independence．
He spoke against me．
He fell among thieves．
1240 如果一个动词短语中的动词可以是及物动词，也可以是不及物动词，后面的词可以是介词，也可以是副词，我们可以用下面的方法来决定它属于哪种类型。以The car dashed down the mountain为例。如果down是介词，就是“车往山下冲”，如果它是副词，就是“把山冲倒”，显然是“车往山下冲”，因此它是介词，这个动词短语是“不及物动词+介词”。再看另一句We can’t get under the fire．如果under是介词，就是“到达火下面”，如果是副词，则表示“把火控制住”（=get the fire under control）。显然这里under是作副词，这个动词短语属“及物动词+副词”型。
1241 如果动词短语是“及物动词+副词”，在宾语长时，必须把宾语放在副词后面：
He gave up the plan which he had worked on for many years．
They hissed down the speaker，manager of Asia Company．
How can he keep under a woman who has been tolerated for many years？
如果宾语很短，它可以放在副词之后，也可放在副词之前：
He gave up his plan．He gave his plan up．
They hissed down the speaker．They hissed the speaker down．
He can‘t keep under his wife．He can’t keep his wife under．
如果宾语是一个人称代词，则必须把它放在副词前面：
He gave it up．（而不是He gave up it．）
They hissed him down．
He can‘t keep her under．
但如果这个短语是“不及物动词+介词”，则必须把宾语放在介词后面（除去下章提到的一些特殊情况）：
He went about the street．（Right）
He went the street about．（Wrong）
He sailed along the river．（Right）
He sailed the river along．（Wrong）
He fell among thieves．（Right）
He fell thieves among．（Wrong）
C．介词的位置
1242 从上面所有例句中可以看出，介词通常放在它的宾语的前面。
He is going to school．
He is interested in playing music．
在下述情况下，特别是在口语中，它可放在它的宾语的后面：1．宾语在说话人脑中占有最重要地位：
Your brazen face，I will never look at again．（正常说法：I will never look at your brazen face again．）
Any matter，political or social，he seems to have got tired of．
Football，I am too old for．
Such a trifle，they thought little of．
Smoking or drinking，I don’t care for．
2．它的宾语是一个疑问词：
Who is this gift for？（书面体：For whom is this gift？）
Whose girl did he fall in love with？
What are you talking about？
“Go there！”“What for？（=What do I go there for？）”
（书面体：For what？）
“Listen！”“What to？”
“I have been to the pictures．”“Who with？”
“He has been married．”“Who to？”
3．它的宾语是名词从句中的一个疑问词：
I asked who this gift was for．（书面体：I asked for whom this gift was．）
Say whose daughter he fell in love with．
Mind what you are talking about．
4．它的宾语是一个起名词作用的不定式短语中的一个疑问词：
I asked who to apply to（=Who I should apply to）．
（疑问词+不定式+介词）（书面体：I asked to whom to apply．）
Mind what to talk about．
I wonder what to live on in this desert．
Tell me which friend to cooperate with．
5．它的宾语是一个关系代词：
I know a man whom you can believe in．（书面体：I Know a man in whom you can believe．）
The mountain（which）you are looking at is the most beautiful in Japan．
He is not such a boy（as）she is interested in．
There is not a single subject that he pays attention to．
That is worse than（what）I have any idea of．
This is the environment（which）I have grown up in．
6．它的宾语是一个表示时间或空间的介词，而且用在all后或round，through，或over前：
He travelled all the year round．
He gambled all the night through．
He travelled all the world over．
7．宾语是由there，here或where构成书面语，或法律用语中的合成词：
thereabout（s）=about that……………hereabout（s）
[ten dollars or thereabout]=about this place
thereafter=after that……………………hereafter=after this
thereby=by that means………………hereby=by this means
thereto=to that………………………………hereto=to this
therefore=for that reason
thereof=of that………………………………hereof=of this
thereupon=upon that，then…………… hereupon=on this
therewithal=with that，besides……………………………
…………………………………………herewith=with this
Whereabout（s）=about what place？about which（关系 代词）
whereby=by what？by which（关系代词）
wherefore=for what reason？for which（关系代词）reason
whereof=of what？of which or whom（关系代词）whereas=seeing that，while
D．介词的亲和力
1．以介词开头及以介词结尾的短语
1243 介词是用来把名词（或相当于名词的东西）和动词、另一名词或一形容词连系起来的词。这个名词（或相当于名词的东西）称作介词的宾语。这个动词、另一名词或形容词，为了方便，可称作介词的相关词（Related Word）：
He went（动词作相关词）to the hospital（名词作宾语）．
I spoke with John．
The headmaster（名词作相关词）of my school（名词作宾语）is a kind man．
The hut across the river looks pretty．
He is angry（形容词作相关词）at her breaking（相当于名词的东西作宾语）the cup．
John is charmed with her beauty．
这介词和宾语的关系有时比它和相关词的关系更密切。在He came on Sunday．They are at war．She is with child．
He made mistakes on purpose．中，on和Sunday结合，at和war结合，with和child结合，on和purpose结合，而构成短语或成语。可以说用on是靠Sunday决定的，用at是靠war决定的等等。这样我们就有了以介词开头的短语（通常称作介词短语）。但是介词也可和它的相关词有更密切的关系，在He persisted in his decision．He tied his horse to the tree．He is afraid of strangers．Our dependence on a foreign country is a shame．中，介词和它的相关词结合起来构成成语或习用语。可以说用in是靠不及物动词persisted决定的，用to是靠及物动词tied决定的，用of是靠形容词afraid 决定的，用on是靠名词dependence决定的。这样我们就有了以介词结尾的短语。
介词有时属中性，对哪一边都没有特别的偏向（亲和力）。这时可以把以介词开始的短语（或称介词短语）作为一个单元。例如：
He got it from his uncle．（是got from还是from his uncle是一个单位？我们不能十分肯定。但说from his uncle是一个单位是没有错的，比说got from是一个单位强。）
He went with John．
The pictures of Mary are beautiful．
The book on the desk is a dictionary．
2．以介词开头的短语之用法
1244 以介词开头的短语（包括有特殊亲和力的和中性的）（斜体字）都用来修饰a．名词，b．动词，c．形容词或d．整个句子（用黑体字表示）。这些短语都起形容词或副词作用：
a．I saw the photo of his father．The picture on the wall is beautiful．The man besede John is an artist．（这些短语必须紧跟它们修饰的名词，如photo，picture．它们起形容词的作用。）
The book is of little use．The trageddy seems at an end．
They are at war．He set them at war．He brought the tragedy to an end．（这些介词短语都放在系动词或宾补动词后面，起主语补语或宾语补语的作用。）
b．He came here on Monday．On Monday he came here．
They talked behind us．He learned English with me．（这样的介词短语都放在所修饰动词的前面或后面，如came和talked，它们起副词的作用。）
c．He is cruel to the extreme．He is in some degree dishonestand unreliable．（这些介词短语可以紧挨着放在所修饰的形容词前面或后面，它们起副词的作用。）
d．In a word，I have told you everything．
On the whole，the situation seems very serious．（这种短语通常放在句子开头，它们起副词的作用。）
3．以介词结尾的短语（及物动词型短语）之用法
1245 另一方面，如果介词和它们的相关词（a．动词，b．形容词或c．名词）有更大的亲和力，我们就有7种类型的短语，都以介词结尾，都起及物动词的作用，有自己的宾语，因此可以称为及物动词型短语。在下面的各个句子中，第一个括号表明这种及物动词型短语在意义上接近一个单一的及物动词，第二个括号（如果有的话）说明这个及物动词型短语的详细结构：
1246 a．动词+（副词或名词）+介词：
1）He may laugh at（=ridicule）（不及物动词+介词）
my project．（laugh at以project作宾语）
We have been talking about（=discussing）this mat- ter．
You can count upon（=trust）my assistance．
2）We must keep away from（=avoid）（不及物动词+地点副词+介词）those people．
He ran away with（=stole）a million dollars．
They look down on（=despise）humble people．
3）I paid attention to（=watched）（及物动词+名词+介词）his tricks．
She must take care of（=mind）her children．
He made fun of（=ridiculed）you．
但是：
He threw a glass at me．（这和上面3类句子不同，threw a glass at不是成语。threw和at间虽有亲和力，但glass与它们的关系比较远。）再如：
He tied his horse to the tree．
He sold his house for tens of thousands of dollars．
He compared Paris with London．
4）We are against（=oppose）（系动词+介词）any form of slavery．
He is above（=despises）money matters．
We are for（=support）John as our chairman．
注意：有许多介词短语可用在系动词后。
He is at grips with（=is fighting）his enemy．
He is in love with（=loves）her．
He is in need of（＝needs）money．
Good luck is in store for（=is awaiting）us．
1247 b．（系动词）+形容词+介词：
5）John is fond of（=loves）（系动词+形容词+介词）wine and wonnen．
He is charmed with（=enjoys）the beautiful scene．
He is doubtful of（=doubts）my sincerity．
6）He is a man fond of（=分词loving）（形容词+介词）wine and women．（这种短语和前面句子中的短语不同，前面是谓语动词短语，而这种“形容词+介词”的短语，相当于一个分词[例如loving]，修饰它前面的名同[例如man]。不过这种分词仍然起及物动词的作用。）
John，doubtful of（=doubting）my sincerity，changed his mind．
Charmed with（=Enjoying）the beautiful scene，he forgot to go home．
1248 c．名词+介词：
7）Indifference to（=动名词ignoring）（名词+介词）pleasure and pain is not human．（这个“名词＋介词”的短语不是谓语动词，而应看作是相当于动名词—如ignoring—的东西，可以用作主培、宾语等，但这种幼名词仍然是及物动词。）
I can‘t understand their hostility to（＝hating）all for-eigners．
His delight in（=loving） poetry is only natural．
注：还有一种及物动词型短语，由及物动词和地点副词构成。例句见1233。
4．动词后跟介词与不跟介词的情况
1249 有时“不及物动词＋介词”和用作及物动词的同一动词在意义上和作用上都没有多少差别，甚至全无差别。例如：We fought with them．和 We fought them．基本上是一样的。He admitted to doing something wrong．和 He admitted doingsomething wrong．也是一样的。下面列出了这类特殊动词：
He admitted（to）（=acknowledged）doing somethingwrong．
We approached（to）（=came near） our destination．
He has approved（of）（= O．K．’d） my proposal．
He attained（to） power（or prosperity，wisdom，perfection，proficiency，old age）．
He will attest（to）（＝bear witness to） my ability and con-duct．
He ceased（from）（＝stopped）working with the firm．
He confessed （to）（＝acknowledged） doing somethingwrong．
Let me drink（to）your success（=wish you success）．
He has to flee（or fly）（from） the town．
I forbore（from）troubling anybody．
His voice jarred（on） me．
We judge（of） a person by his appearance．
He jumped（over） the hedge．
He lamented（for or over）（=expressed sorrow for）
herdeath（or his misfortune）．
He leaped（over） the ditch．
I never mock（at）anyone．
He mourned（for or over）（＝expressed sorrow for） herdeath（or his loss）．
He owned（to） his fault．
We partook（of or in）（＝took a share of） the meal（or thebenefit）．
He passed（by） my house．
Sunlight penetrated （or pierced）（into） the mist．
He pondered（on or over）（=seriously considered） the plan．
He repented （of） getting married so hurriedly．
He roamed（over or about） the world．
he ruled（over） a kingdom．
I shared（in） his troubles and his joys（or the cost withhim）．
He sought（for or after） wealth and fame．
Nobody can stand（for）（=tolerate） his bad manners．
He succeeded（to） John in his office．
He will testify（to）（=bear witness to） my ability and con-duct．
We will treat（of） this subject later．
He trod（on）my toes．
Don‘t trust（in）（=believe in） this man．
1250 但在多数情况下，这两钟结构是有差别的。例如：Hestabbed his enemy．stabbed表示一个完成的动作，而在He stabbed at his enemy中，stabbed at只表示有这种意图。同样，grasp，strike，catch，shoot，snap，bite，get，guess，reach，and clutch也如此。
He shot（at） the thief．
The dog bit（at） the visitor．
He（person） admitted me into the club． He admitted（=received as true） this fact．
It（thing） admitted of no choice（or no excuse，no doubt，no delay）．（=There cannot be any choice…）
He（person） allowed（＝permitted）me to choose． Hedoes not allow smoking．
It（thing） allowed of（＝admitted of）no choice（or noexcuse，no doubt，no delay）．
He answered（=replied to） me．
He will answer for（=be responsible for）my debt．
He arranged flowers（or the books in two classes）．
We arranged（for） a picnic（or a wedding）．
He asked permission（or favour，leave，a high price；a ques-tion，my name，the way）．
He asked for Mary（or money，milk）．
He attended（=was present at）the lecture（or school，ameeting）．（名词为attendance）
He attended to（=gave thought to） his work（or his af-fairs，my wants，my remarks）．（名词为 attention）
He attended on（=waited on） the patient（or his master）．
She cannot bear（＝cannot endure） the sight of him（or thesmell，the sound）．
She bears with（＝is patient with） his importunities（orhis temper）．
He begged your pardon（or favour，permission）．
He begged（for）money，（of） his friend to help him．
Let us begin this book．（=read its first part before otherparts）．
Let us begin with this book（=read this book before otherbooks）．
I believe him（or it）（＝believe that his remark［or it］ is．true）．
I believe in him（or it）（=believe that he［or it］isgood）．
The city boasts（=is proud of） its beautiful bridge．
He boasts of（=speaks proudly of） his large country-house．
He called me（＝required my presence，telephoned to me）．
He called to（=shouted loudly to） me． He called at（＝came to） my house He called for（=demanded）money．
He called on me（=paid me a short visit）．
I will consult（=seek advice from） a specialist about thismatter．
I will consult with（=talk with）my relatives and friendsabout this matter．
He entered a house（or a school，a club）．（地点）
We entered into details（or conversation，a contract）．（抽象名词）
I entered on（=began） my duty（or my career，a newlife） in 1969．（抽象名词）
He escaped（from） death（or an epidemic，starvation，beingpunished，being discovered）．（抽象名词）
He escaped from the prison（or the world）．（地点）
The birds escaped from the cage．
I fear（＝am afraid of） John．
I fear for（＝am anxious on behalf of） John．
He felt my pulse（=examined it by touching）．
He felt for the matches（＝tried to find them by groping）．
He went on writing（=continued to write）．
He went on with his writing（=continued to write afteran interruption）．
I forget the number．（不记得）
I forget about the number．（记不清楚）
I hear her（=I hear her voice）．
I have not heard about her（=learned anything abouther）．
I have not heard from her（＝received letters from her）．
He tried to improve（＝make better）this product．
He has improved on （=produced another thing betterthan） this product．
He inquired my name（or the reason，the way）．
He inquired of some person about something，inquired in-to（=investigated）the case，inquired after my health．
He joined a club（or his friends）．（人）
He joined in our conversation （or dancing，the game，awalk）．（活动）
I know John．（认识）
I know of（or about） John．（不太熟悉）
He learned his lessons．
He learned of（=was informed of）her death．
He lectured（=scolded） John．
He lectured on（=made a speech on） an interesting sub-ject．
He meditated（=considered，decided on） revenge．
He meditated，on（=thought quietly about） the revenge hehad taken．
He tried to meet the problem，decided to meet me at the air-port，had to meet his obligations，met some friends on thestreet，would like to meet a new friend．（多是有意动作）
He met with success（or praise；ill－treatment，an accident，obstacles，a great loss，a storm）．（偶然遭遇）
My memory（or My heart，My eyesight）（thing）failed me．（=I lost my memory，lost courage，lost my eyesight）．
He（person）failed in（＝ did not succeed in） his business（or the examination）．
Den’t offend（=make angry）anybody．（人）
Don‘t offend against good manners（or the law，tradi-tions）．（抽象名词）
He operated（=managed）a machine（or a store，a farm）．（物）
The doctor operated on（=performed a surgical operationon）John．（人）
He paid the price（or the tuition，my wage，the rent，thetaxi fare，the fee，his debt．the bill，the tax，the fine，therate，the interest，the protection［money］，the postage，the damage）．（款项）
He paid for the goods（or his schooling，the food，thetaxi）．（货物或服务）
He played（at）cards，football，hide－and－seek，music，Ham-let．（按照规则）
He played with a dog（or a gun）．（不按照规则）
He practises typing（or dancing，music，English）．（抽象名词）
He practises on the typewriter（or the piano），with thesword（or chopsticks）．（普通名词）
He prepared a dinner（or a speech，a lesson）．
He prepared for a trip（or the examination），againstsomething unpleasant．
He pretended（=claimed falsely） illness．
He pretended to（=claimed）intelligence（or honesty，thethrone）．
He provided someone with things necessary．
He provided for his family（or his future，my education，their comfort），against something undesirable．
He pulled the rope．
He pulled at the rope（=gave a tug at it）．
He read a paper（or a book，a letter，a document）．（书面材料）
He read about（or of） the accident（or the President，ahistorical fact）．（事或人）
He remarked（=noticed） the difference of these two．
He remarked on （=commented on） the management of our school．
He decided to revenge the victim．（为……报仇）
He decided to revenge on the murderer．（向……报仇）
He searched （＝examined）my luggage（or my house）．
He searched for （=looked for） smuggled goods（or a criminal）．
He spoke English（or the truth，a falsehood，his mind，a goodword for me）．
He spoke about（or of） someone（or something）．
He spied（=saw） the dog stealing the meat．
He spied on（=kept watch on） every movement of the en-emy ．
Let us start（=begin） our journey．
He started with（＝began with）a thousand dollars and made a million．
They stormed（=attacked） the enemy’s fortress．
He stormed at（=raged against） me．
He talked sense（or nonsense，shop，politics，rubbish，baby，English）．
He talked about some person or thing．
He told the news（or a tale，a story，the secret，a lie，a false－hood，a joke，the difference，black from white）．
He told of someone or something．
He treats everybody（person） well（or badly）．
This book treats of（＝deals with） education．
Just taste this food．
He has never tasted of（=experienced） peace or happi-ness．
It tasted of garlic．
He trusted me with money（entrusted me with money）．
He trusted（in） me（=confided in me）．
He watches television every Sunday．
She must watch over（=guard） the house
He is watching for（=on the look-out for） a chance．
He witnessed（=was present at） the accident．
He witnessed to（=testified to）the truth of John‘s state-ment．
5．同根词后跟同样介词
1251 在这钟及物动词型的短语中，词根相同但词类不同的词通常都跟相同的介词：
He depended（动词） upon his father for food and clothing．
He was dependent（形容词） upon his father for food andclothing．
His dependence（名词） upon his father for food and cloth-ing was true when he was very young．
He lived dependently（副词） upon his father for food andclothing．
He differs（动词） from his brother．
He is different（形容词）from his brother．
His difference（名词）from his brother is startling．
He behaves differently（副词）from his brother．
He didn’t separate（动词）from her till midnight．
They have been separate（形容词）from each other for tenyears．
He can‘t bear separation （名词）from her．
He can’t live separately（副词）from her．
He triumphed（动词）over his enemy．
He was triumphant（形容词）over his enemy．
I heard about his triumph（名词）over his enemy．He inquired（动词）into the case．
He made an inquiry（名词）into the case．
I invited（动词） him to the party．
I sent him an invitation（名词） to the party．
He is angry（形容词）with me．
His anger（名词） with me is often due to a trifle．
1252 但是也有一些不同情况。某些词的不同词类要跟不同介词：
He acted according（形容词）to the rules．
He acted in accordance（名词） with the rules．
She is affectionate（形容词）to me．
She has an affection（名词）for me．
This alternates（动词） with that．
The alternative（名词） to this is that．
He is ambitious of becoming somebody．
He has a great ambition for becoming somebody．
He is capable of making a bird-cage．
He has the capacity for the task．
He is compassionate to her．
He felt compassion for her．
He took compassion on her．
He is confident of my sincerity．
He has confidence in my sincerity．
He is contemptuous of art．
He feels contempt for art．
This colour contrasts well with that．
This colour is a contrast to that．
He delighted in music．
He was delighted with music．
This criticism will derogate from his reputation．
This criticism will be derogatory to his reputation．
He was descended from Confucius．
He was a descendant of Confucius．
He is desirous of peaceful life．
He has a desire for peaceful life．
He is fond of praise．
He has a fondness for praise．
It hindered us from progress
It was a hindrance to progress．
He is infatuated with an actress．
His infatuation for an actress got him into trouble．
He is partial to tropical fruits．
He shows a partiality for tropical fruits．
He prepared for a journey．
He packed all things preparatory to journey．
He prided himself on his wealth．
He was proud of his wealth．
His pride in his wealth is only natural．
The accident resulted from neglect．
The accident is the result of neglect．
He is not respectful to his teachers．
He has no respect for his teachers．
I became surety for my friend．
I was sure of his honesty．
He sympathizes with sufferers．
He is sympathetic to sufferers．（with可用，但用得很少。）
He has great sympathy for them．
The firm closed up for want of funds．
The firm is wanting in commercial ethics．
E．介词的省略
1253 在指示形容词（every，each，any，all，this，that，one，the，last or next）前，时间介词 in，at，on通常省略：
He came every day．（但是： on Sunday，on July 4）
You can come anyhour．（但是：at seven o‘clock）
He thought of her each minute．
He plays all day．
I cannot go out this month．（但是： in January）
He was ill that year．（但是： in 1956）
He was ill（on） the day the war broke out，
He was ill（in） the winter he lived at a village．
He came last week and will come again next Monday．
1254 在表示时间长度和距离的名词前，介词for可以用，也可以省略：
He has been waiting（for） three hours．
I have learned English（for）five years．
I wish to talk with you（for）a moment．
They have been married（for）thirty years．
We have to walk（for）five miles．
I drove（for）three hundred miles yesterday．
The cat jumped （for） ten feet up to the fence．
If you move（for）an inch，you are a dead man．
1255 在系动词与age，colour这类名词之间，介词of通常省略：
We are（of）the same age．
The book is a red colour．
The animal seems to be the size of the tiger．
My house is a different shape from yours．
This book is six dollars．
This bridge is no use．
1256 在下面这类句子中，介词with都省略掉：
He stood hat in hand（=with a hat in his hand）．
He was coming gun on shoulder．
He waited at the corner，pipe in mouth．
1257 在下面这类句子中，动名词前的介词in常常省略：He has tedious work（in）selecting them．
I spent three years studying it．
He has difficulty getting it．
We took turns sleeping．
He did effective work exposing the enemy．
There is no need informing him of it．
He is busy reading．
He is helpful cooking the dinner．
Many lives are lost resisting the enemy．
Ⅱ．成语介词
1258 像 because of，in accordance with，in the interest of，for thesake of等成语介词是一些和简单介词起同样作用的习用语。它们大多由三四个词组成，由at，by，in或on开头，以of，with或to结尾，一些包含定冠词the，另一些则不包含它。
1259 它们有3类，一类和它们的宾语一道，起副词作用，修饰动词或全句1），另一些在系动词或宾补动词后作补语2），有少数兼有这两种作用3）：
1）He failed in consequence of his neglect．
In contrast to his silly face，he handles things cleverly．
He works for the sake of our benefit．
With regard to this matter，I have nothing to say．
As the result of this delay，our plan was entirely defeat-ed．
2）He is in need of food．
They are in danger of utter failure．
We keep in touch with them．
We found him in need of food．
He put them in danger of utter failure．
3） He died in the midst of his sweet dream．
He is in the midst of danger．
He worked in the service of man．
He was in the service of the King．
He rode at the head of his men．
He was at the head of the club．
He lives next door to me．
This act is next door to murder．
1260 成语介词和它们的宾语一道，都可起形容词的作用，修饰一个名词，不管它们通常用作副词（状语）1），或是用作补语2）：
1）This statement ahead of the event proved true．
The death of plants for lack of water is common in thisseason．
There will be a performance in aid of wounded soldiers．
The arrival of our boat in advance of the others was some-thing unexpected．
2）The boy in the employ of that firm is my son．
All refugees in need of clothes will receive aid．
A man in danger of being drowned will catch at even astraw．
The people next door to me are very kind．
1261 和简单介词不同，成语介词后只能跟几类宾语：
He succeeded by force of patience（名词）．
He stood in the midst of them（代词）．
He asked people to do it instead of doing（动名词） it himself．
A question arose as to when to start（疑问词＋不定式）．
They did not agree with regard to who would take the respon-sibility（疑问词＋从句）．
1262 和简单介词不同，成语介词大多属中性，即既不与前面的词也不和后面的词有特别的亲和力，从上面的例句中即可看出。但通常用作补语的成语介词和前面的系动词（特别是be）常有较强的亲和力。如果说系动词和后面的简单介词起及物动词的作用，系动词和后面跟的成语介词也如此：
He is in possession of（＝has） many acres of land．
He is in need of（＝needs） comfort．
He will be at the head of（＝head） the Club．
The country is on the verge of（=is nearing） starvation．
He is in the good graces of（=pleases） his boss．但要找到意义正好与成语介词相同的及物动词有时并不容易，如下面句子中的成语介词就不易换成及物动词：
This is not in the power of man．
The sailors were at the mercy of the winds．
His extravagance is out of proportion to his pocket．
The decoration is out of keeping with the room．
1263 至于成语介词的位置，也像简单介词一样，在一般情况下，都放在它们宾语的前面，但在下面3种情况下，偶尔也可放在宾语后面较远处：
1）宾语为疑问词：
Who is John at daggers with？
What is he up to？
Which boy is Catherine in love with？
2）宾语为名词从句中的疑问词：
I do not know whom John is at daggers with．
I asked what he was in need of．
He tells me which candidate they are in favour of．
3）宾语为关系代词：
The country（which） we are at war with has been aggres-sive for centuries．
Her husband，whom she has been out of touch with formany years，seems to be in France．
